Interesting Comments by Hume in Dialogues on Natural Religion, and my brief Answers.
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Experience alone can point out the true cause of any phenomenon.
No, there is also revelation, though this is another topic altogether.
Stone and mortar and wood, without an architect, never erect a house. But the
ideas in a human mind, we see, by an unknown, inexplicable economy, arrange
themselves so as to form the plan of a watch or house. Experience, therefore,
proves that there is an original principle of order in mind, not in matter.
Yet we observe by an “inexplicable economy” that by the weak and strong gravitational forces, etc., protons, neutrons, and electrons arrange themselves to form atoms. And crystalline structures found in caves that contain wondrous natural beauty, etc., render Hume’s illustration careless.
Observe, I entreat you, with what extreme caution all just reasoners proceed in
the transferring of experiments to similar cases. Unless the cases be exactly
similar, they repose no perfect confidence in applying their past observation on
any particular phenomenon.
Extreme caution is well and good. Yet, the one who defuses a bomb should not despair of his urgent task because it requires meticulous care. Or aren’t parts of the octopus considered exotic delicacy, though they must be extracted from beside poisonous parts? Perfect confidence, with a haughty air, is indeed out of reach of the just and fair reasoner; yet genuine, substantial confidence can be got, in measure enough to move the rational mind.
But can a conclusion, with any propriety, be transferred from parts to the
whole?
We find that, with proper reservation and humility of mind, certain broad conclusions, elusive to reason yet curiously self-evident, can with propriety be transferred to the whole.
When nature has so extremely diversified her manner of operation in this small
globe, can we imagine that she incessantly copies herself throughout so immense
a universe?…The narrow views of a peasant who makes his domestic economy the
rule for the government of kingdoms is in comparison a pardonable sophism.
Yes, but do not certain peasants, when instructing their children by candlelight, evince such quintessential and unadulterated wisdom, as to how kingdoms of every degree should be run, as to cast a sickly pallor on this argument, a symptom that it overlooks a deeper truth?